He rejected liberal politics and constitutionalism in favor of unification "from above" through military force and diplomatic scheming. Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel, leading to contact and sometimes conflict between and among German-speakers from throughout Central Europe. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. [49] Furthermore, this argument maintains, the "failure" of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class; consequently, this group never developed a self-conscious program of modernization. This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck, but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor, duc de Gramont, his minister of foreign affairs. Both impacting leaders, the Reformation's Martin Luther and the Qin Dynasty's Shi Huang Di make decisions that change the course of global history. The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt, where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament. By 1835, Heinrich von Gagern wrote that roads were the "veins and arteries of the body politic" and predicted that they would promote freedom, independence and prosperity. Unlike liberalism or conservatism, Realpolitik essentially rejected ideology in favor of the most efficacious political or diplomatic response, be it liberal or conservative. [6] The creation of student militias such as the Ltzow Free Corps exemplified this tendency. The economic strength of Prussia was one of the most important reasons behind the unification of Germany. March 2, 2023 2:09 AM PT. Although today, the four parts of the Ring Cycle operas, Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold), Die Walkur (The Valkyries), Sigfried, and Gtterdammerung (The Twilight of the Gods), are performed as separate pieces, Wagner composed them as part of a single piece and insisted that they be performed on successive nights. [7], The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes. Although those living in the states that became part of the German Empire largely shared a common linguistic (German) and religious (Protestant) bond, the borders of the new empire included millions who identified neither with German language and culture (French, Danes, and Poles) nor with the dominant religion (Catholics and Jews). Austria and the German Unification : Napoleon 's German Confederation, concerns Metternich about German unification, he works hard to prevent, I 819 : Karls bad Decrees : cracked down an liberalism and . The post Cold War reunification of Germany in 1990 seemed such a natural consequence of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Soviet power in Eastern Europe that it is easy to forget that Germany had a fairly brief life span as a unified nation-state. The story continues by drawing on Prussia's role in saving Germans from the resurgence of Napoleon's power in 1815, at Waterloo, creating some semblance of economic unity, and uniting Germans under one proud flag after 1871. Smith focuses on German unification and religion. The Unification of Germany and Italy - Students of History On 1 May, Wilhelm gave von Moltke command over the Prussian armed forces, and the next day he began full-scale mobilization. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY SUMMER, 2017 ASSIGNMENTS Welcome to AP European History. [72], Three episodes proved fundamental to the unification of Germany. The AP European History course and exam are undergoing a redesign for the 2015-2016 school year. The difficulties of the Vormrz, the impact of the 1848 liberals, the importance of von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's strategic brilliance all played a part in political unification. In addition, a large part of Poland had been part of Prussia since the eighteenth century. Its borders resembled those of its predecessor, the Holy Roman Empire (though there were some deviations e.g. [101] Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt, France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions (Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine); paid an indemnity, calculated (on the basis of population) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807;[102] and accepted German administration of Paris and most of northern France, with "German troops to be withdrawn stage by stage with each installment of the indemnity payment". The states ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Electorate of Bavaria, the Margraviate of Brandenburg or the Kingdom of Bohemia. Ap Euro Bismarck Teaching Resources | TPT [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. For the most part, these Polish-speaking Catholics did not assimilate into German culture, and Bismarck often dealt with the Poles in a brutal manner, eventually expelling large numbers of Poles and Polish Jews in 1885. The Danes were no match for the combined Prussian and Austrian forces and their modern armaments. The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden, and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry, and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics, but other minorities, including the Poles, and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands. Finally, as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria, Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation (or among the German states generally) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression. [113], A key element of the nation-state is the creation of a national culture, frequentlyalthough not necessarilythrough deliberate national policy. [104] Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state, he had not done it alone. [38], The Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands, connected Nuremberg and Frth in 1835. [50], More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes; . As German states ceased to be a military crossroads, however, the roads improved; the length of hardsurfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometers (2,400mi) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometers (10,300mi) in 1852, helped in part by the invention of macadam. In addition, the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation's path (in this case, the United Kingdom's) is the accepted norm. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. Furthermore, since he trusted neither Moltke nor Roon, he was reluctant to enter a military enterprise over which he would have no control. The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout: the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. On 5 July, the Frankfurt Diet voted for an additional 10 articles, which reiterated existing rules on censorship, restricted political organizations, and limited other public activity. This was particularly important for the emerging industrial centers, most of which were located in the Prussian regions of the Rhineland, the Saar, and the Ruhr valleys. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. Bismarck encouraged Leopold to accept the offer. From the German perspective, the actions of Blcher's troops at Waterloo, and the combined efforts at Leipzig, offered a rallying point of pride and enthusiasm. Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. This digital interactive notebook for World History & AP Euro . In 1864 Bismarck trumped up charges against the Danish government for their treatment of Germans living in the Danish province of Schleswig-Holstein. 10th grade. Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck's social programs (e.g., social insurance, education programs, and wider definitions of suffrage). Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit. [67] Second, his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects: the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary. The theater is in complete darkness as a long, sustained E-flat is played. The Polish members of the Reichstag, like the French and Danish members, organized into their own voting bloc to protest Germany's policies toward national minorities. Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. Unification of Germany 1. Wagner personally oversaw the design and construction of the theater located in the small Bavarian village of Bayreuth, the Festspielhaus, which opened in 1870 and where the Ring Cycle operas were first performed. Ukrainian forces repelled numerous Russian attacks in Bakhmut over the past 24 hours, Kyiv said on March 4, despite claims by Moscow's mercenaries that the eastern city that has been the focal . This led to his brother William becoming prince regent of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1858. Italy had its own way of unifying and so did Germany. The Peace of Prague sealed the dissolution of the German Confederation. And finally, the "makers" of Germany had to contend with foreign powers, especially Russia, France, and the Austrian Empire, all of whom had much to gain and lose with the emergence of a new central European power, necessitating the use of both skillful diplomacy and military aggression. 22 times. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. Slowly, the music builds on the E-flat as the lights are slowly turned up on the setting, which shows the three Rhine Maidens swimming in the river. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. The career and music of Richard Wagner offer a unique interdisciplinary approach to the romantic aspect of German nationalism. Following the 1848 upheavals, Wagner penned his essay, "Art and Revolution," in which he argued that the task of the artist is to effect political change through artistic expression. Play the overture to Das Rhinegold, which is approximately 5 minutes long. [53] Since the end of the 1990s, this view has become widely accepted, although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism. resourcesforhistoryteachers / Italian and German Unification - PBworks General history of Africa, abridged edition, v. 1: Methodology and Initially, the Danes attempted to defend their country using an ancient earthen wall known as the Danevirke, but this proved futile. The operas are based on an ancient German myth, and Wagner hoped that the retelling of this myth in modern operatic form would foster a spirit of German nationalism. By 1870 three of the important lessons of the Austro-Prussian war had become apparent. Schneckenburger wrote "The Watch on the Rhine" in a specific patriotic response to French assertions that the Rhine was France's "natural" eastern boundary. Aristocrat In his first two wars, Bismarck balanced Russian and French concerns over the growing power of Prussia. [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. Second, through diplomatic maneuvering, a skilful leader could create an environment in which a rival state would declare war first, thus forcing states allied with the "victim" of external aggression to come to the leader's aid. The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig-Holstein Question. A broad investigation into the problem of creating a German national identity outside of Prussia. [109] However, legislation required the consent of the Bundesrat, the federal council of deputies from the states, in and over which Prussia had a powerful influence; Prussia could appoint 17 of 58 delegates with only 14 votes needed for a veto. This system reorganized Europe into spheres of influence, which, in some cases, suppressed the aspirations of the various nationalities, including the Germans and Italians. Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, it had made a spectacular comeback at Waterloo. Despite calls for rational thought and action, Italy, Prussia, and Austria continued to rush toward armed conflict. A comparison of the two types of theaters can be demonstrated by showing the traditional floor plan of the Vienna opera house and contrasting it with Wagner's Festspielhaus. What did they stand for? Several states were promoted to kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony or the Kingdom of Hanover. AP Euro Unit 7 Notes: National Unification + Diplomatic Tensions | Fiveable Convinced that opera and music developed a spirit of nationalism, Wagner rejected the traditional design of theaters in which the nobility and wealthy sat in the loge boxes facing each other rather than the stage. The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes, or by peasants in combination with the urban workers, in 1848 and again in 1871. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of "clay". If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info.collegeboard.org. 432456. Europe (1848-1871): Italian Unification (1848-1870) | SparkNotes PDF AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination. [33] As people moved around, they came into contact with others, on trains, at hotels, in restaurants, and for some, at fashionable resorts such as the spa in Baden-Baden. Edit. Economically, the creation of the Prussian Zollverein (customs union) in 1818, and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation, reduced competition between and within states. Those in authority were concerned about the growing unrest, political and social agitation among the working classes, and the disaffection of the intelligentsia. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, many of the previously strong barriers between Jews and Christians broke down. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire
Campagnolo Delta Brakes,
Stewart And Strauss Location,
Articles A
